This new edition of the Handbook of Visual Optics, Volume Two, presents an authoritative survey of modern ophthalmic instrumentation, vision-correction technologies, and the optical foundations of visual performance. Building upon the theoretical framework established in Volume One, it explores the science and technology of advanced imaging systems, laser-based diagnostics, adaptive-optics platforms, and surgical and corrective devices, which have transformed clinical practice over the past decade. This revised edition incorporates new developments in optical coherence tomography, multiphoton imaging, and adaptive optics, as well as innovative approaches to intraocular lenses and refractive correction. It integrates contributions from leading experts across optics, engineering, and vision science to provide both depth of understanding and practical relevance for researchers, clinicians, and students.